667 lines
20 KiB
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667 lines
20 KiB
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\title{Using Machine Learning to Identify Similar Jobs Based on their IO Behavior}
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\author{Julian Kunkel\inst{2} \and Eugen Betke\inst{1}}
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\institute{
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University of Reading--%
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\email{j.m.kunkel@reading.ac.uk}%
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\and
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DKRZ --
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\email{betke@dkrz.de}%
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}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\begin{abstract}
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Support staff.
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Problem, a particular job found that isn't performing well.
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Now how can we find similar jobs?
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Problem with definition of similarity.
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In this paper, a methodology and algorithms to identify similar jobs based on profiles and time series are illustrated.
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Similar to a study.
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Research questions: is this effective to find similar jobs?
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The contribution of this paper...
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\end{abstract}
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\section{Introduction}
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%This paper is structured as follows.
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%We start with the related work in \Cref{sec:relwork}.
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%Then, in TODO we introduce the DKRZ monitoring systems and explain how I/O metrics are captured by the collectors.
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%In \Cref{sec:methodology} we describe the data reduction and the machine learning approaches and do an experiment in \Cref{sec:data,sec:evaluation}.
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%Finally, we finalize our paper with a summary in \Cref{sec:summary}.
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\section{Related Work}
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\label{sec:relwork}
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\section{Methodology}
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\label{sec:methodology}
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Given: the reference job ID.
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Create from 4D time series data (number of nodes, per file systems, 9 metrics, time) a feature set.
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Adapt the algorithms:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item iterate for all jobs
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\begin{itemize}
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\item compute distance to reference job
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\end{itemize}
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\item sort the jobs based on the distance to ref job
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\item create cumulative job distribution based on distance for visualization, allow users to output jobs with a given distance
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\end{itemize}
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A user might be interested to explore say closest 10 or 50 jobs.
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Algorithms:
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Profile algorithm: job-profiles (job-duration, job-metrics, combine both)
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$\rightarrow$ just compute geom-mean distance between profile
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Check time series algorithms:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item bin
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\item hex\_native
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\item hex\_lev
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\item hex\_quant
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Evaluation}
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\label{sec:evaluation}
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In the following, we assume a job is given and we aim to identify similar jobs.
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We chose several reference jobs with different compute and IO characteristics visualized in \Cref{fig:refJobs}:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Job-S: performs postprocessing on a single node. This is a typical process in climate science where data products are reformatted and annotated with metadata to a standard representation (so called CMORization). The post-processing is IO intensive.
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\item Job-M: a typical MPI parallel 8-hour compute job on 128 nodes which writes time series data after some spin up. %CHE.ws12
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\item Job-L: a 66-hour 20-node job.
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The initialization data is read at the beginning.
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Then only a single master node writes constantly a small volume of data; in fact, the generated data is too small to be categorized as IO relevant.
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\end{itemize}
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For each reference job and algorithm, we created a CSV files with the computed similarity for all other jobs.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{runtime-overview}
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\caption{Overview to process all jobs} \label{fig:runtime-overview}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{runtime-cummulative}
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\caption{Cumulative} \label{fig:runtime-cummulative}
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\end{subfigure}
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\caption{Performance of the algorithms}
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\label{fig:performance}
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\end{figure}
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Create histograms + cumulative job distribution for all algorithms.
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Insert job profiles for closest 10 jobs.
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Potentially, analyze how the rankings of different similarities look like.
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job-timeseries4296426}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Reference jobs: timeline of mean IO activity}
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\label{fig:refJobs}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}\ContinuedFloat
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job-timeseries5024292}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job-timeseries7488914-30.pdf}
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\caption{Job-L (first 30 segments of 400; remaining segments are similar)}
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\label{fig:job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Reference jobs: timeline of mean IO activity; non-shown timelines are 0}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/ecdf.png}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:ecdf-job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/ecdf.png}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:ecdf-job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\begin{subfigure}{0.8\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/ecdf.png}
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\caption{Job-L} \label{fig:ecdf-job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Empirical cumulative density function}
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\label{fig:ecdf}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hist-sim}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:hist-job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hist-sim}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:hist-job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hist-sim}
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\caption{Job-L} \label{fig:hist-job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Histogram for the number of jobs (bin width: 2.5\%, numbers are the actual job counts)}
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\label{fig:hist}
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\end{figure}
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\subsection{Quantitative Analysis of Selected Jobs}
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User count and group id is the same, meaning that a user is likely from the same group and the number of groups is identical to the number of users (unique), for Job-L user id and group count differ a bit, for Job-M a bit more.
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Up to about 2x users than groups.
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To understand how the Top\,100 jobs are distributed across users, the data is grouped by userid and counted.
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\Cref{fig:userids} shows the stacked user information, where the lowest stack is the user with the most jobs and the top most user in the stack has the smallest number of jobs.
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For Job-S, we can see that about 70-80\% of jobs stem from one user, for the hex\_lev and hex\_native algorithms, the other jobs stem from a second user while bin includes jobs from additional users (5 in total).
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For Job-M, jobs from more users are included (13); about 25\% of jobs stem from the same user, here, hex\_lev and hex\_native is including more users (30 and 33, respectively) than the other three algorithms.
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For Job-L, the two hex algorithms include with (12 and 13) a bit more diverse user community than the bin algorithms (9) but hex\_phases covers 35 users.
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/user-ids}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:users-job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/user-ids}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:users-job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/user-ids}
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\caption{Job-L} \label{fig:users-job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\caption{User information for each jobs}
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\label{fig:userids}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/jobs-nodes}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:nodes-job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/jobs-nodes}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:nodes-job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/jobs-nodes}
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\caption{Job-L} \label{fig:nodes-job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Distribution of node counts}
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\label{fig:nodes-job}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/jobs-elapsed}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:runtime-job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/jobs-elapsed}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:runtime-job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/jobs-elapsed}
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\caption{Job-L} \label{fig:runtime-job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Distribution of elapsed runtime}
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\label{fig:runtime-job}
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\end{figure}
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To see how different the algorithms behave, the intersection of two algorithms is computed for the 100 jobs with the highest similarity and visualized in \Cref{fig:heatmap-job}.
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As expected, we can observe that bin\_all and bin\_aggzeros is very similar for all three jobs.
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While there is some reordering, both algorithms lead to a comparable order.
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The hex\_lev and hex\_native algorithms are also exhibiting some overlap particularly for Job-S and Job-L.
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For Job\-M, however, they lead to a different ranking and Top\,100.
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From the analysis, we conclude that one representative from binary quantization is sufficient while the other algorithms identify mostly disjoint behavioral aspects and, therefore, should be considered together.
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One consideration is to identify jobs that meet a rank threshold for all different algorithms.
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\jk{TODO}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/intersection-heatmap}
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\caption{Job-S} \label{fig:heatmap-job-S}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/intersection-heatmap}
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\caption{Job-M} \label{fig:heatmap-job-M}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/intersection-heatmap}
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\caption{Job-L} \label{fig:heatmap-job-L}
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\end{subfigure}
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\centering
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\caption{Intersection of the top 100 jobs for the different algorithms}
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\label{fig:heatmap-job}
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\end{figure}
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\section{Assessing Timelines for Similar Jobs}
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\subsection{Job-S}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_lev-0.9615--1timeseries4296288}
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\caption{Rank 2, SIM=0.9615}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_lev-0.9012--15timeseries4296277}
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\caption{Rank 15, SIM=0.9017}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_lev-0.7901--99timeseries4297842}
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\caption{Rank\,100, SIM=0.790}
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\end{subfigure}
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\caption{Job-S with Hex-Lev, selection of similar jobs}
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\label{fig:job-S-hex-lev}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_native-0.9808--1timeseries4296288}
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\caption{Rank 2, SIM=}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_native-0.9375--15timeseries4564296}
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\caption{Rank 15, SIM=}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_native-0.8915--99timeseries4296785}
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\caption{Rank\,100, SIM=}
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\end{subfigure}
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\caption{Job-S with Hex-Native, selection of similar jobs}
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\label{fig:job-S-hex-native}
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\end{figure}
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% \ContinuedFloat
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Hex phases very similar to hex native.
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Komischer JOB zu inspizieren: \verb|job_similarities_4296426-out/hex_phases-0.7429--93timeseries4237860.png|
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Bin aggzeros works quite well here too. The jobs are a bit more diverse.
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/bin_aggzeros-0.8462--1timeseries4296280}
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\caption{Rank 2, SIM=}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/bin_aggzeros-0.7778--14timeseries4555405}
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\caption{Rank 15, SIM=}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_4296426-out/bin_aggzeros-0.6923--99timeseries4687419}
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\caption{Rank\,100, SIM=}
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\end{subfigure}
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\caption{Job-S with bin\_aggzero, selection of similar jobs}
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\label{fig:job-S-bin-aggzeros}
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\end{figure}
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\subsection{Job-M}
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Bin aggzero liefert Mist zurück.
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/bin_aggzeros-0.7755--1timeseries8010306}
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\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/bin_aggzeros-0.7347--14timeseries4498983}
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\caption{$SIM=$}
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\end{subfigure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/bin_aggzeros-0.5102--99timeseries5120077}
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\caption{$SIM=$ }
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\end{subfigure}
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\caption{Job-M with Bin-Aggzero, selection of similar jobs}
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\label{fig:job-M-bin-aggzero}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
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\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_lev-0.9546--1timeseries7826634}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_lev-0.9365--2timeseries5240733}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_lev-0.7392--15timeseries7651420}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_lev-0.7007--99timeseries8201967}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ }
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-M with hex\_lev, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-M-hex-lev}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_native-0.9878--1timeseries5240733}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_native-0.9651--2timeseries7826634}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_native-0.9084--14timeseries8037817}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_native-0.8838--99timeseries7571967}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ }
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-M with hex\_native, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-M-hex-native}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_phases-0.8831--1timeseries7826634}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_phases-0.7963--2timeseries5240733}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_phases-0.4583--14timeseries4244400}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_5024292-out/hex_phases-0.2397--99timeseries7644009}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ }
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-M with hex\_phases, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-M-hex-phases}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Job-L}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/bin_aggzeros-0.1671--1timeseries7869050}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/bin_aggzeros-0.1671--2timeseries7990497}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/bin_aggzeros-0.1521--14timeseries8363584}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/bin_aggzeros-0.1097--97timeseries4262983}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ }
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-L with bin\_aggzero, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-L-bin-aggzero}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_lev-0.9386--1timeseries7266845}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_lev-0.9375--2timeseries7214657}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_lev-0.7251--14timeseries4341304}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_lev-0.1657--99timeseries8036223}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ (30s)}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-L with hex\_lev, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-L-hex-phases}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_native-0.9390--1timeseries7266845}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_native-0.9333--2timeseries7214657}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_native-0.8708--14timeseries4936553}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_native-0.1695--99timeseries7942052}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ }
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-L with hex\_native, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-L-hex-native}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_phases-1.0000--14timeseries4577917}
|
|
\caption{Rank 2, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_phases-1.0000--1timeseries4405671}
|
|
\caption{Rank 3, $SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_phases-1.0000--2timeseries4621422}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$}
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
\begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{job_similarities_7488914-out/hex_phases-1.0000--99timeseries4232293}
|
|
\caption{$SIM=$ }
|
|
\end{subfigure}
|
|
|
|
\caption{Job-L with hex\_phases, selection of similar jobs}
|
|
\label{fig:job-L-hex-phases}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Conclusion}
|
|
\label{sec:summary}
|
|
|
|
%\printbibliography
|
|
\end{document}
|